Image: Ralf Vetterle | Pixabay
Pollution continues to kill approximately 9 million people around the world on an annual basis, according to a follow-up study to a landmark 2018 report by The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, a global research initiative that includes Professor of Biology Philip J. Landrigan, M.D., and DeLuca Endowed Professor in Biology and Vice Provost Thomas Chiles among its members.
The death toll, based on 2019 data, pins one in six deaths worldwide to pollution 鈥� a number virtually unchanged since the commission鈥檚 first analysis, based on 2015 statistics, according to the findings, .
Pollution remains the world鈥檚 largest environmental risk factor for disease and premature death, especially affecting low- and middle-income countries, Landrigan, Chiles, and their co-authors reported.
Philip Landrigan, M.D. (Gary Wayne Gilbert)
"Pollution continues to be a massive, inadequately addressed threat to human health,鈥� said Landrigan, director of 自慰视频鈥檚 Global Public Health and the Common Good Program and the Global Observatory on Planetary Health. 鈥淧ollution鈥檚 annual death toll of 9 million is unchanged from four years ago. To put it in perspective, pollution-related deaths are three times as great as the number of deaths caused by AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.鈥�
Air pollution accounted for nearly 75 percent of all deaths and remains a formidable public health crisis with no end in sight. Although the number of deaths from pollution sources associated with extreme poverty 鈥� such as indoor air pollution and water pollution 鈥� have decreased, those reductions were offset by increased deaths attributable to industrial pollution, including air pollution and toxic chemicals.
The researchers calculate that more than 1.8 million deaths were caused by toxic chemical pollution, an increase of 66 percent since 2000.
Of the 9 million pollution-attributable deaths in 2019, air pollution (both household and ambient) remains responsible for the greatest number of deaths at 6.67 million worldwide. Water pollution was responsible for 1.36 million premature deaths. Lead contributed 900,000 premature deaths, followed by toxic occupational hazards at 870,000 deaths.
Ambient air pollution was responsible for 4.5 million deaths in 2019, up from 4.2 million deaths in 2015 and 2.9 million in 2000. Deaths from hazardous chemical pollutants increased from 900,000 in 2000, to 1.7 million in 2015, to 1.8 million in 2019, with roughly half of those deaths attributable to lead pollution in 2019.
CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO LEAD: Outside of most industrialized nations, exposure to lead pollution remains a significant public health problem. Principal sources of lead exposure include unsound recycling of lead鈥揳cid batteries and e-waste without pollution controls; contaminated spices; pottery glazed with lead salts, which leach out into acidic foods; and lead in paint and other consumer products. The full extent of population exposure to each of these sources varies by country and is often unknown.
Overall, deaths from modern pollution have increased by 66 percent in the past two decades, from an estimated 3.8 million deaths in 2000 to 6.3 million deaths in 2019. Figures on deaths from chemical pollutants are likely to be underestimates as only a small number of manufactured chemicals in commerce have been adequately tested for safety or toxicity.
Excess deaths due to pollution have led to economic losses totaling $4.6 trillion in 2019, equating to 6.2% of global economic output, the researchers reported. The study also notes pollution鈥檚 deep inequity, with 92 percent of pollution-related deaths, and the greatest burden of pollution鈥檚 economic losses, occurring in low-income and middle-income countries.
The authors of the new study conclude with eight recommendations that build on those given in the听Lancet听Commission on pollution and health. These include calls for:
- An independent, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-style science and policy panel on pollution.
- Increased funding for pollution control from governments, independent, and philanthropic donors
- Improved pollution monitoring and data collection
- A better connection between science and policy for pollution, like those for climate and biodiversity
"Our main recommendation听is that pollution prevention and health protection must听become high priorities within countries and internationally,鈥� Landrigan said. 鈥淲e recommend that funding听for pollution听control听 be sharply increased, and we call for increased monitoring of pollution and its health effects. 听
"Lasting听 prevention of pollution and pollution-related disease will be achieved only through government-supported interventions at a societal scale that control pollution at source and encourage a rapid transition to clean, renewable听 energy.鈥�
Ed Hayward | University Communications | June 2022
Materials provided by The Lancet contributed to this report.
听