自慰视频

After speaking about the prosperity gospel at a leading Protestant seminary, Jonathan Walton, Dean of the Divinity School at Wake Forest University, was asked the following question: 鈥淲hat does this have to do with faith in God?鈥� The answer to this question formed the basis of Dean Walton鈥檚 talk at the Boisi Center鈥檚 19th Annual Prophetic Voices Lecture on October 6, 2021, 鈥淏lessed are the Rich: The American Gospel of Success.鈥�

The prosperity gospel originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emerging from mind science and positive thinking traditions. It developed at the margins of American Protestantism, particularly among working-class Whites and charismatic Blacks in the South and Midwest. The theology of the prosperity gospel--better understood as theologies--emerged from certain biblical texts (e.g., 鈥淏eloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth.鈥� [3 John 1:2, KJV]) and theological strands that understood Jesus Christ as the key to life, death, and abundance. Abundance in the context of the prosperity gospel could well include a new car and听 great financial wealth.

Dean Walton noted that when he provides this brief overview, it is not uncommon for his listeners to shake their heads, wondering how anyone could fall for such ideas. Their response is not unlike that of the gentleman who asked him, 鈥淲hat does this have to do with faith in God?鈥� Walton argued that all communities of faith distinguish themselves by the symbols and accoutrements they adopt, whether they are fancy cars or beautiful stained glass windows. Religion organizes in part through aesthetic markers and consumptive behaviors that point to who we seek to become. Further, these symbols and behaviors reflect an undeniable hierarchy of taste and consumption in American culture that Walton illustrated by contrasting Broadway productions, 贬补谤辫别谤鈥檚 magazine, and the Ivy League versus Tyler Perry鈥檚 movies, People magazine, and Alabama football. One community鈥檚 cars and planes are another鈥檚 Brooks Brothers and sublime hymns.

Walton highlighted the Depression era writings of James Truslow Adams, who popularized the concept of the 鈥淎merican Dream,鈥� and Alfred Whitney Griswold whose dissertation examined what he dubbed the American Gospel of Success, informed by his brief stint on Wall Street. Their conception of the Dream did not have to do with social mobility per se, but with the idea that the elite establishment carries values of social stability and continuity that could inspire the masses. By embracing, consuming, and digesting the elite view of society, strivers who were sufficiently industrious and intelligent could assimilate and thus serve to reinforce the existing structures of hierarchy.听

In a somewhat similar vein, Walton argued that there are epistemic and cultural biases in the academic study of religion in that moral judgments and values are actually at play in what is often thought of as a critical and objective discipline. Categories of good and bad religion get produced in scholarship, and historically communities of color have become the 鈥済utter in which all bad religions collect.鈥�

Walton concluded that most of us have blinders to our own social position, blinders that obscure from us elements of gross inequality in society. He urged compassion for those who appear 鈥渙ther,鈥� but who actually share our aspirations and, like us, are always competing for status in society.

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